Occupational hazard in urolithiasis patients in Qatar: A single-center cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Urolithiasis is one of the most prevalent urological diseases and is associated with a substantial economic burden. Its prevalence varies according to geographical location. Qatar is a Middle Eastern country located in the Afro-Asian Stone Belt. It has a dry and hot climate, which may predispose individuals working in these environments to form kidney stones (KSs). METHODS: A population sample of 4204 patients was categorized into five occupational classes. The frequencies and correlations of these occupations with KS formation were calculated. RESULTS: Among the total cases, 2000 presented with KSs, with the majority being of Asian descent (49%), followed by individuals of Middle Eastern descent (35.1%). Technicians accounted for 35.15% of KS cases followed by clerks (29.2%) and executives (14.6%). Among KS cases, 44% had a single stone, 30% had multiple stones, and 26% had two stones. In comparing both KS and non-KS groups, age, gender, occupation, and race were significantly associated with KS formation (p<0.05), while BMI did not show any significant correlation (p>0.05). Asian males aged 31-40, working as technicians, were significantly more prone to urolithiasis. In comparing age, BMI, and gender with stone characteristics, only age was found significantly associated with stone size (p<0.05). Occupation showed an impact on all studied stone characteristics. Clerks and technicians presented more frequently with stones within the 11-15 mm range, while executives more frequently presented with smaller stones (p<0.001). Stone density was more frequently <500 HU in workers, technicians and housewives and >500 HU in executives and clerks (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings revealed an elevated risk of urolithiasis among certain occupational groups, particularly technicians, who frequently work outdoors in high-temperature environments. Alternatively, the sedentary nature of clerical and executive positions can also contribute to the risk of urolithiasis.

Clinical characteristics of adult cases with urolithiasis from Turkey: A regional epidemiological study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the metabolic and clinical characteristics of adult cases with stone disease from a regional part of Turkey. METHODS: The study included 2348 adult patients with sonography and/or computed tomography-proven urinary stones. All cases were given a questionnaire about the epidemiological features of urolithiasis. Aside from the type and severity of stoneforming risk factors, both patient (age, gender, BMI, associated comorbidities, first onset of stone disease, positive family history, educational level) and stone-related (size, number, location, chemical composition, previous stone attacks) factors have been thoroughly assessed. The data were evaluated in multiple aspects to outline the epidemiological features. RESULTS: The overall mean age value of the cases was 43.3 years, and the M/F ratio was 1.34. The first onset of the disease was found to vary between 15-57 years, with a mean value of 32.4 years. While most of the stones were located in kidney and ureter, calcium-containing stones constituted the most common type (CaOx 69%, CaOxPO4 7%). More than 42% of the cases suffered from multiple stone attacks; positive family history was present in 31.6%. Among the associated comorbidities, hypertension was the most common pathology (45.8%), and the BMI index value was >30 in 31.3% of the cases. 57.7% of the patients had just one stone attack, and 42.2% had recurrent stone formation. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings clearly show that important implications may be extracted from epidemiologic data acquired from local scale research to implement an effective preventative program and closely monitor the patients.

Urinary tract infection after flexible ureterorenoscopy for urolithiasis in patients with positive treated preoperative urinalysis.

Prevalence of kidney stones is increasing worldwide, flexible ureterorenoscopy (f-URS) is the most common surgical treatment. Postoperative urinary tract infection (PUTI) is the primary complication. Some risk factors are classically associated with PUTI, especially preoperative positive urinalysis (POPU). We aimed to identify risk factors for PUTI after f-URS for urolithiasis in patients with treated POPU, and to identify the different pre and postoperative pathogens. Retrospective, single-center study of all f-URS for urolithiasis between January 2004 and December 2020. Procedures with treated POPU were categorized as PUTI or no PUTI (NPUTI). We examined demographics, preoperative, perioperative and postoperative characteristics in each group. Among 1934 procedures analyzed, 401 (20.7%) had POPU; these were categorized into NPUTI (n = 352, 87.8%) and PUTI (n = 49, 12.2%). By univariate analysis, only preoperative stenting duration (76.3 in NPUTI group vs 107.7 days in PUTI group, p = 0.001) was significantly associated with a higher risk of PUTI in univariate analysis. Germ distribution was similar in both groups. We compared pre- and postoperative microbiological data for interventions with PUTI, and found that only 8.7% of pathogens were identical between pre and postoperative urinalysis. Our study shows that the rate of PUTI is higher for patients with a POPU and that preoperative stent duration is the sole risk factor in patients with POPU. The low concordance rate (8.7%) between POPU and post-operative pathogens highlights the need for further research on obtaining sterile preoperative urinalysis, or performing intraoperative culture (urines, stent or stone), to treat PUTI early with an adapted antibiotic therapy.

Blood metabolites mediate the impact of lifestyle factors on the risk of urolithiasis: a multivariate, mediation Mendelian randomization study.

Urolithiasis is closely linked to lifestyle factors. However, the causal relationship and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the relationship between lifestyle factors and the onset of urolithiasis and explore potential blood metabolite mediators and their role in mediating this relationship. In this study, we selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as instrumental variables if they exhibited significant associations with our exposures in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) (p < 5.0 × 10-8). Summary data for urolithiasis came from the FinnGen database, including 8597 cases and 333,128 controls. We employed multiple MR analysis methods to assess causal links between genetically predicted lifestyle factors and urolithiasis, as well as the mediating role of blood metabolites. A series of sensitivity and pleiotropy analyses were also conducted. Our results show that cigarettes smoked per day (odds ratio [OR] = 1.159, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.004-1.338, p = 0.044) and alcohol intake frequency (OR = 1.286, 95% CI = 1.056-1.565, p = 0.012) were positively associated with increased risk of urolithiasis, while tea intake (OR = 0.473, 95% CI = 0.299-0.784, p = 0.001) was positively associated with reduced risk of urolithiasis. Mediation analysis identifies blood metabolites capable of mediating the causal relationship between cigarettes smoked per day, tea intake and urolithiasis. We have come to the conclusion that blood metabolites serve as potential causal mediators of urolithiasis, underscoring the importance of early lifestyle interventions and metabolite monitoring in the prevention of urolithiasis.

Urolithiasis in Kidney Transplant Patients: A Multicenter KSER Research Series.

Background and Objectives: Urolithiasis occurrence is uncommon in kidney transplantation patients, though it has serious implications, including acute kidney injury in the transplanted kidney. This study investigates the leading causes of urolithiasis in kidney transplantation patients, the diagnostic process, and the outcomes of multimodal management. Materials and Methods: Data collection spanned from January 1997 to December 2021, involving kidney transplantation patients with urolithiasis from the database of the Korean Society of Endourology and Robotics (KSER) research committee. Analysis encompassed factors triggering urolithiasis, the diagnostic process, stone attributes, treatment methods, and outcomes. Results: Our analysis included 58 kidney transplantation patients with urolithiasis from eight medical centers. Of these patients, 37 were male and 4 had previous urolithiasis diagnoses. The mean age was 59.09 ± 10.70 years, with a mean duration from kidney transplantation to diagnosis of 76.26 ± 183.14 months. The most frequent method of stone detection was through asymptomatic routine check-ups (54.7%). Among the 58 patients, 51 underwent stone treatment. Notably, 95.3% of patients with ureter stones received treatment, a significantly higher rate than the 66.7% of patients with renal stones (p = 0.010). Success rates showed no significant differences between renal (70%) and ureter stone (78.0%) groups (p = 0.881). Conclusions: Urolithiasis in transplanted kidneys constitutes an acute condition requiring emergency intervention. Endo-urological interventions are effective for kidney transplantation patients with urolithiasis. To ensure prevention and early detection, diligent follow-up and routine imaging tests are necessary.

Urolithiasis in children; The importance of stone localization in treatment and follow-up.

To evaluate the demographic, etiologic, treatment, and follow-up differences in stones according to their location within the kidney. This retrospective study comprised 337 patients with urolithiasis between 2015 and 2019. Patients were classified into 2 groups according to stone location as lower pole stones (LPS) and upper-middle pole stones (UMPS). The patient's data were recorded at 3-month intervals for one year. One hundred and eighty-three (54.3%) female and 154 (45.7%) men were included in the study. One hundred and twenty-nine (38.3%) of the stones were in the LPS and 208 (61.7%) in the UMPS. UMPS was more common in patients aged > 12 months (p < 0.01). At least one metabolic risk factor was present in 93 (72.1%) patients with LPS and 164 (78.4%) with UMPS. The most common urinary metabolic risk factors were hyperoxaluria (31.8%) in patients with LPS and hypocitraturia (34.1%) in patients with UMPS. ROC analysis results showed that cut-off values of 5.5 mm for LPS and 6.1 mm for UMPS did not provide improve with medical treatment. At the 6- and 12-month follow-ups, the improvement rates were higher in the UMPS group than in the LPS group (p < 0.05). During the follow-up, recurrence was detected in 43 patients: 29% of patients with LPS and 5.8% of patients with UMPS (p < 0.01). Patients with small stones can be followed up. Surgical treatment may be considered for small stones in the LPS. In addition, the risk of recurrence is higher in patients with LPS, and close follow-up is required.

Intestinal Oxalate Absorption, Enteric Hyperoxaluria, and Risk of Urinary Stone Formation in Patients with Crohn's Disease.

Nephrolithiasis is a common urologic manifestation of Crohn's disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics, intestinal oxalate absorption, and risk factors for urinary stone formation in these patients. In total, 27 patients with Crohn's disease and 27 healthy subjects were included in the present study. Anthropometric, clinical, and 24 h urinary parameters were determined, and the [13C2]oxalate absorption test was performed. Among all patients, 18 had undergone ileal resection, 9 of whom had a history of urinary stones. Compared to healthy controls, the urinary excretion values of calcium, magnesium, potassium, sulfate, creatinine, and citrate were significantly lower in patients with Crohn's disease. Intestinal oxalate absorption, the fractional and 24 h urinary oxalate excretion, and the risk of calcium oxalate stone formation were significantly higher in patients with urolithiasis than in patients without urolithiasis or in healthy controls. Regardless of the group, between 83% and 96% of the [13C2]oxalate was detected in the urine within the first 12 h after ingestion. The length of ileum resection correlated significantly with the intestinal absorption and urinary excretion of oxalate. These findings suggest that enteric hyperoxaluria can be attributed to the hyperabsorption of oxalate following extensive ileal resection. Oral supplementation of calcium and magnesium, as well as alkali citrate therapy, should be considered as treatment options for urolithiasis.

Risk assessment and prevention of urolithiasis in urban areas of Baoding, China.

Urolithiasis, or the formation of calculi in the urinary system, represents a prevalent urological condition frequently encountered among individuals aged 30 to 55 years. An in-depth analysis of the composition of these calculi holds significant promise in shedding light on the underlying etiological and pathogenic factors contributing to this ailment. The primary objective of this study was to delineate the principal components comprising urinary system calculi within a cohort of patients who sought medical intervention at a tertiary grade A hospital located in Baoding City. Furthermore, our investigation entailed a comprehensive examination of the physical and morphological characteristics exhibited by these calculi. In this study, a total of 2307 individuals afflicted with urinary system calculi were recruited as participants, and a corresponding number of 2307 calculous specimens were subjected to thorough examination. The specimens were examined using infrared spectroscopy. We collected and examined patient data including gender, age, location of the calculi, employment status, residential area, and other factors. The middle-aged demographic exhibited a conspicuous predilection for urinary system calculi, wherein a notable gender disparity was observed, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.63 to 1. Among the enrolled patients, kidney calculi were prevalent in 1270 cases, ureteral calculi were documented in 983 cases, and bladder calculi were encountered in 46 instances. Notably, the principal components comprising these calculi were identified as calcium oxalate and apatite, while uric acid and ammonium magnesium phosphate were comparatively less frequently encountered. Furthermore, the analysis of calculus composition across patients residing in distinct geographical regions did not reveal any statistically significant variations. The identification of components within upper urinary tract calculi plays a pivotal role in elucidating the root causes of calculus formation. This valuable information empowers healthcare professionals, particularly nursing staff, to provide personalized dietary and health guidance to patients, thereby enhancing the quality of care and promoting more effective management of this condition.

Relationship between psoriasis and urolithiasis.

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether patients with psoriasis are prone to urolithiasis. Prospective analysis of 67 patients diagnosed as psoriasis (PS group) and 65 volunteers who had never been diagnosed as psoriasis (NPS group) was performed. The levels of oxalate, citrate, calcium, uric acid, magnesium, creatinine, and sodium were evaluated by analyzing the 24-h urine samples. Stone events were detected in 13 patients (19.4%) in the PS group and in five participants (7.7%) in the NPS group, respectively (P < 0.05). The median value of 24-h citrate was significantly lower in the PS group than in the NPS group (P = 0.029). The median value of 24-h urine uric acid was significantly higher in the PS group than the NPS group (P = 0.005). Hypernatriuria was significantly higher in the PS group (P = 0.027). Hyperuricosuria was detected in the 10.4% and 1.5% of patients who had severe and mild disease, respectively (P = 0.027). Patients with psoriasis are more prone to urolithiasis. Hypocitraturia, hyperuricosuria, and hypernatriuria were the main metabolic abnormalities detected in psoriasis. Hyperuricosuria has been associated with the severity of the disease.

Urolithiasis: History, epidemiology, aetiologic factors and management.

Urolithiasis is defined as a disease diagnosed by the presence of one or more stones in the urinary tract. It is one of the oldest and most widespread diseases known to man, their discovery and characterisation chronology began with the civilisation's history. This pathology has a multifactorial aetiology, very frequent worldwide with geographic and racial variation, their prevalence is increasing in lockstep with socioeconomic development. In fact, this disorder affects between 2 and 20% of the population, with an approximate recurrence rate of 30% to 50% in 5 years. Furthermore, calciumtype stones, which are composed of calcium oxalate (CaOx) alone or a mixture of CaOx and calcium phosphate are the most common, accounting for more than 80% of cases. The medical management of urolithiasis is done by medical treatments and/or by surgical intervention for the stones extraction by the techniques such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), ureteroscopy (URS), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and open surgery. However, various therapies, including thiazide diuretics and alkaline citrate, are used in an attempt to prevent stones recurrence induced by hypercalciuria and hyperoxaluria, but the scientific evidence for their effectiveness is less convincing. On the other hand, endoscopic and ESWL methods have revolutionised the treatment of urinary lithiasis, but these costly methods, can cause acute kidney injury and decreased renal function, in addition, do not prevent the probability of new stone formation. The deepening of our knowledge on all points relating to this disease is a priority for specialists in order to find adequate solutions for this disease. This review provides an overview of urolithiasis, its history, epidemiology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and treatment methods.

Ultrasound-guided extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy with minimal x-ray exposure prevented genitourinary tract injury patients with urolithiasis in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the use of ultrasound-guided extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) to break stones in the genitourinary tract and prevent genitourinary injury. Our goals were to achieve accurate focusing and minimal X-ray exposure for the benefit of the patients. METHODS: The LiteMed LM-9200 lithotripter with ultrasonography and fluoroscopy was used for two different procedures: autoaimed and autoperiodical. These procedures enabled dual focusing on stone localization and tracking. RESULTS: Out of 108 patients who underwent autoperiodical procedures, 29 had no gross hematuria. Among the 335 patients who received autoaimed procedures, 194 had no gross hematuria. The average duration of X-ray exposure during autoperiodical and autoaimed procedures was 120 and 50 s, respectively. CONCLUSION: The ultrasound-guided ESWL with minimal X-ray exposure was found to be useful in treating genitourinary upper-tract urolithiasis in the autoaimed procedure. Patients who underwent the autoaimed procedure experienced less gross hematuria compared to those who underwent the autoperiodical procedure.

The Surgical Management of Urolithiasis: A Review of the Literature.

The incidence of stone disease has increased significantly in the past 30 years, with a reported prevalence of 11% of the U.S. population in 2022, up from 9% in 2012 and 5.2% in 1994.1 While prevention is a vital aspect of management, many patients present with symptomatic urolithiasis requiring surgical management. Emerging advances in endoscopy and technology has led to a dynamic shift in the surgical management of stone disease. This paper will serve as a comprehensive review to inform urologic and non-urologic medical professionals alike, as well as the layperson, on the surgical treatment of nephrolithiasis, starting from the initial evaluation, laboratory and radiographic studies, and various surgical options. Additionally, the nuances of managing the pediatric and pregnant patient with nephrolithiasis will be explored. Using the most up-to-date urologic data, our aim is to provide a comprehensive resource for readers who interact with patients experiencing acute episodes of urolithiasis.

2022 Recommendations of the AFU Lithiasis Committee: Medical management - from diagnosis to treatment.

The morphological-compositional analysis of urinary stones allows distinguishing schematically several situations: dietary, digestive, metabolic/hormonal, infectious and genetic problems. Blood and urine testing are recommended in the first instance to identify risk factors of urinary stone disease in order to avoid recurrence or progression. The other objective is to detect a potential underlying pathology associated with high risk of urinary stone disease (e.g. primary hyperparathyroidism, primary or enteric hyperoxaluria, cystinuria, distal renal tubular acidosis) that may require specific management. Lifestyle-diet measures are the basis of the management of all stone types, but pharmacological treatments may be required. METHODOLOGY: These recommendations were developed using two methods: the Clinical Practice Recommendation (CPR) method and the ADAPTE method, depending on whether the question was considered in the European Association of Urology (EAU) recommendations (https://uroweb.org/guidelines/urolithiasis) [EAU 2022] and their adaptability to the French context.

Effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in urolithiasis patients under 2 years of age.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we present our extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) outcomes in urolithiasis patients under the age of two. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The procedure was performed with patients < 2 years of age sedated, under anesthesia using ketamine and Dormicum (midazolam), in the supine position. Fragmentation was evaluated by fluoroscopy after the procedure. RESULTS: A total of 74 procedures were performed on 65 kidneys. One patient with bilateral stones had two sessions of ESWL on the right side; three sessions of ESWL were performed in one patient with a unilateral stone, and two sessions were performed in seven patients with unilateral stones. All other patients underwent one session of ESWL. As post-procedural complications, hematuria was observed in 14 patients (12 mild and 2 significant), and vomiting occurred in 1 patient. Ureterorenoscopy was performed in 5 patients, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy in 6 patients due to a failed procedure. CONCLUSION: As a result, ESWL treatment is effective and has advantages such as a short hospitalization time, good reproducibility, cost-effectiveness, and a low rate of complications. Therefore, we recommend ESWL as the first-line treatment for renal and proximal ureteral stones in infants < 2 years of age.

OBIETIVO: En este estudio, presentamos nuestros resultados de ESWL en pacientes con urolitiasis menores de dos años. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: El procedimiento se realizó con pacientes menores de dos años sedados, bajo anestesia con ketamina y Dormicum (midazolam), en posición supina. La fragmentación se evaluó mediante fluoroscopia después del procedimiento. RESULTADOS: Se realizaron total de 74 procedimientos en 65 riñones. Un paciente con cálculos bilaterales tuvo dos sesiones de ESWL en el lado derecho; se realizaron tres sesiones de LEOC en un paciente con litiasis unilateral y dos sesiones en siete pacientes con litiasis unilateral. Todos los demás pacientes se sometieron a una sesión de ESWL. Como complicaciones post-procedimiento se observó hematuria en 14 pacientes (12 leves y 2 significativas) y vómitos en 1 paciente. Se realizó URS en 5 pacientes y NLP en 6 pacientes debido a un procedimiento fallido. CONCLUSIONES: Como resultado, el tratamiento de la ESWL es efectivo y tiene ventajas como un tiempo de hospitalización corto, buena reproducibilidad, costo-efectividad y baja tasa de complicaciones. Por tanto, recomendamos la ESWL como tratamiento de primera línea para cálculos renales y ureterales proximales en bebés < 2 años de edad.

The effect of nutritional factors on urolithiasis: A case-control study.

Urolithiasis, a prevalent chronic kidney disease affecting all age groups, can be influenced by nutritional factors. The incidence of urolithiasis in Asian countries ranges from 1% to 19.1%, attributed to geographical and lifestyle differences. In Iran, several risk factors, including ethnicity, dietary habits, gender, and age, are associated with urolithiasis. This study aimed to assess the impact of nutritional factors on kidney and urinary tract stone formation. This case-control study enrolled 127 newly diagnosed urolithiasis patients, and 127 matched healthy participants between February to May 2017. Exclusion criteria included diabetes and acute or chronic renal failure. Data were collected using the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression tests. Water (95% CI: 0.09-0.89, OR=0.28), natural juices (95% CI: 0.10-0.65, OR=0.53), mineral water (95% CI: 0.05-0.64, OR=0.18), legumes (95% CI: 0.00-0.38, OR=0.032), butter, cream, or peppermint (95% CI: 0.09-0.95, OR=0.30), and ice cream (95% CI: 0.07-0.54, OR=0.203) had a significant protective effect against kidney and urinary tract stone formation. Conversely, tea consumption (95% CI: 1.15-7.99, OR=4.70), beverages (95% CI: 4.45-23.32, OR=23.32), coffee (95% CI: 1.63-11.78, OR=4.39), bread (95% CI: 1.1-10.59, OR=3.37), meat (95% CI: 1.01-8.01, OR=2.85), liver (95% CI: 3.37-488.90, OR=40.58), fish (95% CI: 2.89-216.39, OR=25.03), and various canned foods (95% CI: 1.34-10.25, OR=3.70) were significantly associated with kidney and urinary tract stone risk. These findings showed that the risk of urinary stones formation had a significant relationship with dietary habits. Therefore, the correct dietary pattern and sufficient fluid consumption may play an important role in preventing urinary stones.

Association between alcohol and urolithiasis: a mendelian randomization study.

The causal relationship between alcohol and urolithiasis remains uncertain, despite previous observational studies reporting an association between the two. To determine the causality, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the causal relationship between alcohol and kidney stones using a two-sample MR approach. Two sets of genetic instruments were utilized in the analysis, both of which were derived from publicly available genetic summary data. The first set consisted of 73 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) robustly linked to alcohol intake frequency (AIF) and the second set was comprised of 69 SNPs associated with alcohol consumption (AC). Our MR analysis was performed using several methods including the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method, weighted median method, MR-Egger regression, MR Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier test. Our results from the MR analysis revealed a borderline significant association between AIF and the risk of urolithiasis. This was established through the use of the IVW method (OR (95% CI) = 1.29 (1.02, 1.65), p = 0.036) and the weighted median approach (OR (95% CI) = 1.44 (1.10, 1.89), p = 0.008). The MR-Egger model also yielded similar risk estimates (OR (95% CI) = 1.39 (0.66, 2.93), p = 0.386), although the relationship was not statistically significant. Sixty-eight SNPs were identified as having a substantial and independent link with AC. However, the IVW approach revealed no significant effect of AC on the risk of urolithiasis (OR (95% CI) = 0.74 (0.48, 1.14), p = 0.173). The MR analysis suggested a potential causal association between alcohol intake frequency and the risk of urolithiasis, but not alcohol consumption.

Urolithiasis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 13,339,065 individuals.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to summarize the current literature regarding the prevalence of renal stones in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Moreover, we aimed to evaluate the risk factors of urolithiasis in patients with IBD and the difference between patients with IBD and healthy controls in terms of urinary profile. METHODS: On February 23, 2022, a computerized search was conducted on PubMed, OVID via MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus using relevant keywords. Three independent reviewers performed 2-stage screening and data extraction. The National Institutes of Health tools were employed for quality assessment. Review Manager 5.4 software was used to calculate the mean difference (MD) between IBD patients and non-IBD in terms of urine profile using the Inverse-variance model and to estimate the odds ratio of reported risk factors for renal stones with the Generic Inverse-Variance model. RESULTS: Thirty-two articles (n = 13,339,065 patients) were included. The overall prevalence of renal stones in patients with IBD was 6.3%, 95% Confidence interval (4.8%-8.3%). The prevalence of urolithiasis was more common in Chron's disease vs Ulcerative colitis (7.9% vs 5.6%) and in old studies (1964-2009) than in more recent studies (2010-2022) (7.3% vs 5.2%), respectively. Compared to non-IBD patients, patients with IBD were associated with significantly lower urine volume (MD = -518.84 mL/day, P < .00001), calcium 24-hour urine (MD = -28.46 mg/day, P < .0001), citrate 24-hour urine (MD = -144.35 mg/day, P < .00001), sodium 24-hour urine (MD = -23.72 mg/day, P = .04), and magnesium 24-hour urine (MD = -33.25 mg/day, P < .00001). CONCLUSION: The overall prevalence of renal stones in patients with IBD was comparable to the general population. Patients with Chron's disease were associated with a higher prevalence of urolithiasis compared to Ulcerative colitis. Drugs that induce renal calculi should be stopped in high-risk patients.

Efficacy and safety of various endosurgical procedures for management of large renal stone: a systemic review and network meta-analysis of randomised control trials.

Urolithiasis is the most common benign urological health condition. It has contributed sizeable burden of morbidity, disability, and medical health expenditure worldwide. There is limited high level of evidence on the efficacy and safety of treatment options of large renal stones. This network meta-analysis has examined the effectiveness and safety of various large renal stone management strategies. Systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) study design was employed to summarize comparative randomized controlled trials on humans with a diagnosis of renal stone larger than or equal to 2 cm in size. Our searching strategy was based on the Population, Interventions, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study (PICOS) approach. Medline via PubMed, Embase, Google scholar, SCOPUS, Science Direct, Cochrane library, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from inception to March 2023 to find eligible articles. Data extraction, screening, selection and risk of bias assessment were conducted by two independent reviewers. We found ten randomised control trials which consists 2917 patients, nine of them were labeled as low risk and one article was high risk. This network meta-analysis found that SFR was 86% (95% CI 84-88%) for Mini-PCNL, 86% (95% CI 84-88%) for standard PCNL, 79% (95% CI:73-86%) for RIRS, and 67% (95%CI:49-81 for staged URS for management of large renal stone. Overall complication rate was 32% (95% CI 27-38%) for standard PCNL, 16% (95% CI 12-21%) for Mini-PCNL, and 11% (95% CI 7-16%) for RIRS. Mini-PCNL (RR = 1.14 (95% CI 1.01-1.27) and PCNL (RR = 1.13 (95% CI 1.01-1.27)) were statistically associated with a higher SFR compared to RIRS. The pooled mean hospital stays were 1.56 days (95% CI 0.93-2.19) for RIRS, 2.96 days (95% CI 1.78-4.14) for Mini-PCNL, 3.9 days (95% CI 2.9-4.83) for standard PCNL, and 3.66 (95% CI 1.13-6.2) for staged URS. Mini-PCNL and standard PCNL were the most effective treatment options with significant morbidity and length of hospital stay, while RIRS was the safest management option with acceptable SFR, low morbidity, and short hospital stay.

Why is childhood urolithiasis increasing? Etiology, diagnosis and management: a single-center experience.

BACKGROUND: Globally, urolithiasis is becoming more and more common among children. We aimed to determine the etiology, and the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in patients with urolithiasis. METHODS: This was a retrospective study which included all patients (aged 1 month-18 years) admitted to the pediatric nephrology clinic in Elazig Fethi Sekin City Hospital with urolithiasis between November 2019 and 2021. Only patients whose diagnosis of urolithiasis was confirmed by urinary ultrasonography were included in the study, while patients with chronic diseases (neurological diseases such as epilepsy, cerebral palsy, chronic bowel diseases, etc.) predisposing to kidney stone formation were not. Demographic characteristics, serum and urine biochemical parameters, urine metabolic and kidney stone metabolic and chemical analyses, urinary tract ultrasonography findings and treatment modalities were collected. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-seven patients (91 female and 106 male) were included in the study. Hypervitaminosis D was detected in 4 (2%) patients, suppressed parathyroid hormone in 12 (6%) and hypercalcemia in 27 (14%) patients. Metabolic screening showed hypercalciuria in 69 (35%) patients, hypocitraturia in 39 (20%), hyperoxaluria in 15 (8%) and cystinuria in 6 (3%) patients. Eighty three (42%) patients had a positive family history for kidney stones. One hundred eighteen (60%) patients received potassium citrate treatment, 71 (36%) were given hydration and diet recommendations without medical treatment, 6 (3%) received tiopronin treatment, and 2 (1%) patients were treated surgically. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that Vitamin D supplementation at doses higher than 400 IU/day may be a risk factor for kidney stones in children. We observed that mothers tend not to give water to infants who are breastfed or formula-fed in the first year of life. K-citrate treatment can be a good option for prevention and dissolution of stones by alkalinization.

Vitamin D and Calcium Supplementation and Urolithiasis: A Controversial and Multifaceted Relationship.

Patients with urolithiasis, and particularly those with hypercalciuria, frequently have a marked reduction of bone mineral content up to the levels of osteoporosis, with a significant increase in bone fracture risk. For these reasons, the indication to prescribe vitamin D and/or calcium supplementations is very frequent in such patients. On the other hand, both calcium supplementation, and even more vitamin D therapy, can worsen the risk of developing urolithiasis by increasing calcium, phosphate, and oxalate urinary excretion. Despite the clinical and practical relevance of this issue, the evidence on this topic is scarce and contradictory. Therefore, some concerns exist about how and whether to prescribe such supplements to a patient with a history of kidney stones. In this narrative review, we resume some pivotal pathophysiological concepts strictly related to the dealt topic, and we draw some considerations and personal opinions on the pros and cons of such prescriptions. Finally, we share with the reader our pragmatic algorithm for handling the urolithiasis risk in patients who have strong indications to be prescribed vitamin D and calcium supplementations.